Honored to have made #3 on the Armstrong Institute’s recap of 2024’s ten biggest finds in Biblical Archaeology. (At minute 24:30)

Had an amazing time at the ASOR 2024 conference and seeing Boston. Below is the abstract from my presentation interspersed with the relevant slides (photos courtesy of Professor Takayoshi Oshima):

The Visual Storytelling on Sennacherib’s Throne-Room Wall: New Insights into His Invasions of Ushu and Jerusalem

In the largest ancient Assyrian room ever excavated, on the long wall to the right of Sennacherib’s throne, carved stone panels depicted his 701 BCE invasions of Phoenicia, Philistia, and Judah. It will be shown that the opening scene depicts his conquest of Ushu and locates this important Phoenician city at the site that later became Alexandroschene (Alexander the Great’s fortress against Tyre) and, still later, the Crusader fortress Scandelion.

The next scene depicts his triumph over Egyptian and Kushite cavalry and charioteers near Eltekeh in Philistia.

For the third and final scene, Christoph Uehlinger has proposed (and the context explored in this study confirms) that it depicts Jerusalem. However, unlike other besieged cities, Jerusalem is not shown being conquered, looted, or burned but surviving intact, its walls unbreached and its king, Hezekiah, alive and free. The rebels surviving cannot have been what Sennacherib intended to feature as the final image to the right of his throne. Rather, it will be argued that the four uncarved panels that followed were deliberately left blank in order to portray a planned return to and sack of Jerusalem. However, Sennacherib’s second invasion was forestalled by a massive tribute payment from Hezekiah and a rebellion in Babylon, leaving the final section of panels blank ever after. 

In case anyone happens to be in the Milwaukee area, I’ve been invited to speak to the Milwaukee Area Biblical Archaeology Society and the Wisconsin Lutheran College:

This magazine has an interview with me about locating the Assyrian siege camps: 

https://armstronginstitute.org/1102-the-assyrian-military-camp-at-lachish-and-maybe-at-jerusalem-too-an-interview-with-stephen-c-compton

Concerned about extensive damage being inflicted on the archaeological remains at the Thamanin site by mechanized agriculture, I met with the governor of Şırnak Province, Governor Ali Hamza Pehlivan; the mayor of the city of Şırnak, Mayor Mehmet Yarka; and the head of Şırnak University, Rector Prof. Dr. M. Emin Erkan. They promised to see it to it that the site was protected from further damage. 

I subsequently found an ally in the impressive Syriac scholar Dr. Nicholas Al-Jeloo. He presented the situation to the eminent archaeologist Dr. Gani Tarkan, who oversees excavations for both Mardin and Şırnak Provinces. When I followed up with him, Dr. Tarkan promised to add the site to the list of protected archaeological sites and to schedule its excavation. 

Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TSO) President Osman Geliş very graciously hosted Dr. Al-Jeloo and me for a meal at his stunning home. He also promised to see to it that the site was protected and even offered to provide security and additional resources for the excavations.

My deepest gratitude to all of these powerful and important people for taking the time and expending the resources necessary to protect this important archaeological site. I believe that the knowledge that we gain from its excavation will be rewarding. 

     Intrigued by ruins atop Mt. Cudi (the original Mt. Ararat) that had for millennia been association with the ship of survivors of a great flood by multiple Middle Eastern cultures and religions, I made a few attempts to reach the site. The famous British explorer Gertrude Bell had reached it in 1911, as had three Germans, but to my knowledge no previous American. The earlier explorers had all had local guides and peaceful conditions. Now, there was now an ongoing military conflict on and around the mountain that made it extremely difficult to visit. I finally succeeded in 2013 but was stopped en route at machine gunpoint by the PKK, taken to another location, and held and interrogated for some time before finally being released and permitted to make the climb.

     The post below shows my first efforts at photos on and around the site.¹ This is an attempt to get a better sense of the structure that for millennia was said to hold the Ark of Noah (or Nuh or Utnapishtim). I had been too close to it and hadn’t gotten a good overview. So, I went back through my photos, tagged any potential overlap, and fashioned a simple panorama:

      So what are we looking at here? The ancient Babylonians report cutting off pieces of the Ark to use as magical amulets.² The Assyrian emperor Sennacherib climbed this mountain in 699 BC and was said to have had idols carved from the Ark.³ In 537 AD, the Christian emperor Justinian allegedly used its wood for the doors of his great cathedral, the Hagia Sophia. And in the seventh century, Caliph Umar “took the Ark from the two mountains and made it into a mosque.”⁴ Even after the exposed portions had been stripped away, pilgrims came annually for centuries, digging up relics of the Ark as part of a religious festival: “On descending the mountain they bring with them some remains of the Ark, which, according to their assertion, is still deeply buried in the earth.”⁵

      What remains now is a ship-shaped depression, visible on satellite photos, but unfortunately trapped for decades in an active conflict zone. On finally reaching it (exhausted from the climb, extreme thirst, and the ordeal with the PKK guerrilla fighters), I found that the formation now consists largely of holes, trenches, and mounds of dirt and rocks, apparently the result of centuries of digging in the rocky ground. Some of the mounds (likely more recent) consist of dirt mixed with stone. But in most cases, centuries of rain appear to have washed the dirt away, leaving mostly stone in the piles along the old pits and trenches.

      Unfortunately, because I took photos from different positions as I explored the structure, it was difficult to find exact matches, and the foreground was incomplete. So I went through my videos and found this pan along its east side, which would be the foreground of the above panorama:

Using screenshots from the video, I created a second panorama:

      And, since the left side of this panorama mirrors that of the initial panorama, I was able to combine them into a more complete view of the structure:

      Here is the completed panorama overlaying a satellite view of the same spot (courtesy of Bing Maps) and annotated:

      And a last image to close the post, just the Ark:

      I’ll try to get future posts up in a more timely fashion. This one took much longer than expected. Just piecing together that first 30,000-pixel-wide panorama slowed my laptop to a glacial pace and crashed it repeatedly, eliciting some unfortunate outbursts from its operator.

NOTES

^{1. On the importance of this site: “If the Ark of Noah should ever be discovered, it would be the greatest archaeological discovery of all time.” —Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, editor of the National Geographic Magazine for 55 years. My earlier posting of the first individual photos of the structure can be seen here. In them, I failed to capture the entirety of the structure, due to its enormous size, the rough topography, the ground cover, and extreme time constraints. I have attempted to remedy that in this new post by joining multiple photos and a video into a high resolution panorama of the site.↩}

^{2. The 3rd century BC Babylonian priest and historian Berosus wrote of the Great Flood: “It is said that there is still some part of this ship in Armenia, at the mountain of the Cordyaeans [Kurds]; and that some people carry off pieces of bitumen, which they take away, and use chiefly as amulets for the averting of mischiefs.”↩}

^{3. Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Sanhedrin, folio 96a. Sennacherib inscribed his own image and an account of his ascent here on the side of Mount Cudi. He also left multiple stone prisms that boast of his ascent on his return trip from laying siege to Jerusalem. The story of Sennacherib is the first time that the Bible mentions “Ararat” after saying that the Ark landed there. The context strongly suggests that Mount Cudi was the Biblical Mount Ararat, and Jewish tradition identified Cudi as Ararat at least as early as the 11th century visit to the region by Benjamin of Tudela. See the following citation.↩}

^{4. Benjamin of Tudela, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, trans. Marcus Nathan Adler (London: Philipp Feldheim, Inc., 1907), 33. Mount Cudi is the Turkish spelling of Mount Judi, the traditional name of this mountain, which is named in the Quran as the place where the Ark of the prophet Nuh rested. ↩}

^{5. J J. Benjamin II, Eight Years in Asia and Africa: From 1846 to 1855 (Hanover, 1863), 93-94.↩}

This is a quick overview of the summit of Mount Cudi to help put the site where pilgrims for centuries claimed to dig up pieces of the Ark in geographical context, along with the ruins of sacred structures surrounding it. 

A. UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS

I almost missed this hole in the ground, and previous expeditions do not mention it:

Nearby, I found two large rectangular depressions with stone walls and an intact door lintel. Although Bell described “a tank fed by the winter snows” here, a comparison with the underground chamber (above) suggests that these were similar but caved in. The singular “tank” in Bell’s account implies that, as of her 1911 expedition, only one had collapsed:

B. THE CHURCH

This was the Christian portion of the summit. There was once a monastery on the summit that burned in a 776 AD lightning strike:

C. MUSLIM SHRINE

The Muslim shrine, here with inscription praising Allah, is the one building that Bell photographed:

D. UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS

At the edge of a large plateau, I found what appeared to be more collapsed chambers. The masonry is of better quality here:

E. THE ARK?  

This is what I came to see, the place where thousands of pilgrims and a couple of emperors came to dig up pieces of Noah’s Ark! I’m working on a better view of this for the next post:

This is a happy intersection of my love of history, coding, and writing, as well as my adopted hometown, Chicago. I had the honor of cowriting the code and writing all of the text for this app as an official guide to Chicago’s historic Tribune Tower and the 150 stones from famous monuments (the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Great Wall of China, the White House, the Kremlin, Notre Dame, the Taj Mahal, the Moon . . . ) embedded in its facade:

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/chicago-rocks/id829708167?ls=1&mt=8